Jet fuel is a hydrocarbon-based aviation fuel for aircraft planes with turbojet engine. Jet fuels are produced for subsonic aircrafts in accordance with GOST 10227-86 and supersonic aircrafts in accordance with GOST 12308-89. There are five grades of fuel for subsonic aircrafts (ТС-1, Т-1, Т-1С, Т-2 and РТ) and two grades of fuel for supersonic aircrafts (Т-6 and Т-8В). ТC-1 fuels (superior and premium grade) and РТ fuel (superior grade) are currently massively produced.
ТС-1 Fuel
TC-1 (TS-1) fuel is a product of straight run distillation of sour crude (desired cut — 150—350 °C). If sulfur and RSH contents are significantly high, it is hydrotreated or demercaptanised and used in the mixture with straight run cut. The content of hydrotreated component is limited to 70% concentration to prevent minimization of wear-reducing properties of the fuel. The most popular type of jet fuel is for subsonic aircrafts. It is used both in military and civil aviation. It is also used for enrichment through flotation technique.
Т-1 Fuel
Product of distillation of low sulfur content naphthene based oil with boiling range of 130—280 °C. It contains a large volume of naphthenic acids and therefore has a high acidity level. It is leached and washed with water after fractionation. Heterotopic naphthenic compounds in the fuel provide good wear-reducing properties and chemical stability. On the other hand, fuel has very low thermal oxidative stability. Continuous tests have demonstrated that when this type of fuel is used in НК-8 (Tu-154 (А,Б,Б-1,Б-2) and Il-62) engines, this leads to increased resin deposits and reduced life term of the engine. Only premium fuel grades are currently produced with limited volumes.
Т-2 Fuel
Product of distillation oil of wide fractional composition — 60-280 °C. It contains up to 40 % gasoline cuts which leads to high pressure of saturated vapours, low viscosity and density. The maximized pressure of saturated vapours will lead to potential formation of vapour locks in the fuel system of the aircraft which limits its flight altitude. It is considered to be a back-up fuel with regard to ТС-1 and РТ.
RT Fuel
It is produced by means of hydro-treatment of straight cut distillation of jet fuel with boiling range of 135—280 °C. As a result of hydro-treatment the content of sulfur and RSH gets minimized, but wear-reducing properties and chemical stability deteriorate. Wear-reducing and auto-oxidising additives are added into the fuel in order to prevent deterioration of properties. RT fuel fully corresponds to international norms and even exceeds certain indicators. It has good wear-reducing properties, high chemical and thermal oxidative stability, low sulfur content and almost no RSHs. The fuel can be stored up to 10 years and fully serves engine requirements.
Т-6 Fuel
It is produced by means of deep hydration of straight run cuts of 195—315°C, from naphthenic oils. It is used in supersonic aviation mainly in the Air Forces of the Russian Federation.
Т-8В Fuel
It represents a hydro-treated cut with boiling range of 165—280 °C. In the event of naphthenic low sulfur oils straight run cut is allowed to be used without hydro-treatment. It is used in supersonic aviation mainly in the Air Forces of the Russian Federation.